Motivation and Personality Motivation is a business and how it affects consumers

Motivation and Personality Motivation is a business and how it affects consumers 3.4 Motivation and Personality Motivation is a stimulating factor; it generates a behaviour which gratifies a need (Meyer et al., 2004 and Parish et al 2008). As a particular need satisfies, it generates a new one thus needs are perennial (Drakopoulos, S. A., 1994). As per Abraham Maslow consumer behaviour or purchasing decisions are based on their live pyramid which is exhibited in Fig (1.1). Â  This figure also clarifies priority decisions based on economic and general circumstances. Maslows motivational need theory states that people are encouraged through their unsatisfied needs. It further implies that lower needs should be fulfilled prior to higher needs. Also, he stresses that each and every need (i.e. survival, physiological, love, safety, and esteem)Â  should be fulfilled in an unbiased manner (Gawel, 1997). The definitions of motivation (Meyer et al., 2004 and Parish et al 2008) and the concept of needs (Drakopoulos, S. A., 1994) emphasis over consumers purchase decisions. These definitions clearly justify that there is a relation between consumer behaviour and Maslows motivational theory; as a person who is living in a street, would be more interested in food and shelter rather than keeping money to buy a BMW car. Maslows theory is quite pertinent for marketing purpose as marketers must keep into consideration this theory while designing marketing tactics and strategies, and specifically for marketing communications quotes and messages. The Maslows theory is appropriately elaborated below :- Fig.1.6 Source: (Huitt. 2004, pp1). Physiological needs are primary needs of human being; it comprises the basic necessities of life (food, clothing, and shelter). These needs are more significant than safety needs or other needs which are in the hierarchy (Maslow, 1970). He further described these needs as survival needs, and stated that their gratification is prominent in order to fulfil other hierarchical needs. Security and safety comes under safety needs, it includes economic security and physical safety and economic security. Once an individual becomes physically secured and economically stable, he/she start focusing to social needs, which consist of need for love, affection, intimacy, acceptance etc. After gratifying social needs, he/she starts craving for self accomplishment, which means prestige and social status. The final need is Self-Actualization when the individual recognises his/her personal potential, seeks personal growth, self-fulfilment and peak experiences. The main question here is how these needs do affects consumers purchasing behaviours, and what are the marketing implications? Norwood proposes that Maslows hierarchy is very helpful to describe and understand the variety of information that individuals search in order to gratify their needs at various levels. Norwood (1999) again stated that individuals at the lowest level only look for information which will him/her help to get their basic needs. Hence, any information which is not directly helping the individual to meet basic need will be ignored. He further emphasized that individual who is at the safety level of the hierarchy will be interested for that information which will help him/her to be secure and safe. Belongingness needs can be easily sought out by Enlightening information [which is generally found in books, magazines or other materials pertaining to relationship development]. He further evoked that Individual at the esteem level would be more interested to gather Empowering information which will help him/her to satisfy their self ego. In order to satisfy cognitive, aesthetic, and Self-actualization needs, edifying information would be helpful. While Norwood does not specifically address the level of transcendence, I believe it safe to say that individuals at this stage would seek information on how to connect to something beyond themselves or to how others could be edified (Huitt, 2004) 3.5 Learning and Perception Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organises and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world. (Pizam and Mansfeld, 1999, pp21) It is also defined as changes in an individuals behaviour based on experience. Learning and Perception are very prominent and persuading psychological factors in consumers buying decisions. Within the domain of perception, self concept is the totality of an individuals thoughts and feelings about oneself. Thus ones thoughts and feelings influences how one selects, organises and interprets information to create a picture of the world (Rosenberg 1979 and DeLamater, 2003) After intensely analysing the two definitions [perception by Pizam and Mansfeld and self concept by Rosenberg], it can be easily conclude that consumers perception about product affect his/her purchase decision as purchase decision is directly proportionate to consumer perception. Repercussion of perception in marketing is that people selectively perceive what they look forward for which ultimately affect their buying decisions. Different perceptions impact consumers decision making differently (Pizam and Mansfeld 1999) Selective perception notifies that it is a tendency of customer to organize and interpret information constantly, on the other side selective exposure proposes that customer pay attention to those thoughts and messages which are connected to its belief and attitude. And if in case these messages are not related or connected than they remain unnoticed and ignored. Just opposite to this approach, selective comprehension states that customer interprets only that information which is consistent with their held attitude and belief. The other element of perception is selective retention which reveals that everyday customer come across several advertisement, marketing communication messages, emails etc but they do not remember all that they see, read, and hear, hence they are always very selective as what to retain and what not. Lastly comes, subliminal perception, it stresses that several times customer hear and see messages without awareness, nevertheless, the impact of these messages on buying decisions is still pretty arguable. Learning is a behaviour which result into repetitive buying. It comprises the process of automatic reaction to a circumstance constructed through constant exposure of it (i.e. Behavioural learning); monitoring the results of others buying behaviour and correct it accordingly (i.e. cognitive learning) and the next arguable point is loyalty, its a positive and supportive attitude or in other words consistent purchase of a single brand again and again (Kerin et al., 2003). As per Delamater (2003), lifestyle means learning of influenc, how an individual live, what products he/she buys, how he/she use it, what they actually think about these products and how they feel. Moreover, attitude, values and beliefs are other very important psychological factors that stimulate consumer decision making. 3.6 Marketing, Social and Economic Factors influencing consumer purchase decisions There are various factors like social, environmental, marketing, promotional, and economic except psychological factors, that play vital role in consumer buying decision. Persuasive promotional campaigns, advertisements and other informative messages are at time very useful while consumer buying decisions such as whilst information search phase, adverts serve as significant source in order to evaluate information regarding rival brands. [as discussed in chapter three] Moreover, marketing campaigns also convince consumer to a large extent in order to identify their wants and needs towards products and services (inception of decision making process) Some factors like economic factor are as prominent as psychological influences (Pizam and Mansfeld, 1999; Norwood, 1999; Kerinn et al., 2003 and De Lamater, 2003) For instance, If need is identified, it is dependent on the consumers economic powers that can actually decide whether to buy products or services or not to gratify the urge. At times consumers ethical values could also stimulate the buying behaviour. Additionally, disposable income and availability of finance have great impact on buying a product or brand over other, in a broader sense it greatly impact consumers buying decisions. According to a research in US, it is revealed that the level of disposable income is considered most important factor which impact automobile demand. It further showed that the scarcity of fuel and frequent hike in gasoline prices also influenced the demand of cars to a great extent and noticed a steep fall in demand (Carlson, 1978) Soon, another research was carried out by Carlson and Michael (1980) with the aim to forecast the demand of US car industry. This research concluded that disposable income is a major factor that affects the final demand. It also revealed that price plays a significant role to decrease the sale of automobile. Similarly various other studies was carried out to by various researcher like Arguea, Hsiao and Taylor (1994), Kang and Chen (1996) Kobos, Erickson, and Drennen (2003) over the topics study of the US car industry and research of demand for Chinese automobiles. All of them concluded that prices of fuel and income of the consumer stimulates the demand of cars. Their research also demonstrated that availability of credit and income are very important determining factor of consumer decision. Here the foremost question arises that how the recent economic recession result in to decrease in the demand of goods and especially for cars [which this project intends to uncover]. Generally, during recession, consumers even those who are employed] are sceptical and more conscious about their spending and more towards savings money for future uncertainties, and this is one of the reasons of reduced demand of goods and it is quite apparent in the car industry. Further, the impact of this and all other theories discussed above are analysed in chapter four and five.

Teenagers and Use of Contraceptives

Teen pregnancy has been a great issue that has been widely discussed about and seen to increase in the United States. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy one-third of girls in the US get pregnant at least once by the age of 20 and most of the pregnancies are unplanned (2011). Teen pregnancies have been increasing due to the fact that teens are not using contraceptives to prevent any pregnancies and society does not do a good job on informing teens of the importance of contraceptives and protecting themselves when they engage in sexual activity, especially at a young age.Psychological and socio-economical issues can also play a role in teen pregnancy, some girls decide to intentionally get pregnant because of their low self esteem, not having any goals for the future, having problems at home or even if their mother or sister were teen mothers. Teens should have more knowledge on protection and the importance of contraceptives because not only can it prevent pregnancies but also prevent sexually transmitted diseases.As previously mentioned teen pregnancies are at a high once again and teens who engage in sexual activity do not use the proper forms of protection and society does not highlight the importance of birth control. Sarah Brown, CEO of The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy stated that the magic formula for the decline of teen pregnancy is having less sex or using more contraceptives (PR Newswire). Most teens are unaware of the importance of having protected sex it can change their life dramatically. Half of all pregnancies in the US are unplanned–about three million each year (NCPTUP).Unplanned pregnancies result from unprotected sex; therefore, the use of birth control should be highly motivated in order to prevent any pregnancies. In their public opinion survey the NCPTUP concluded that 46% of teens wished young people were getting more information about abstinence and contraception. Rekha Daver, professor of gynecology at the grant Medical School in JJ Hospital states that there needs to be more reproductive health education among children to teach them about safe sex and proper methods of contraception.Teens should be taught at a younger age to think about their future and how being pregnant can transform and affect their whole life, as well as teaching them the value of safe sex and what can be taken to prevent unwanted pregnancies or abortions. More health education in schools should be emphasized to acknowledge students the risks of becoming teen parents and the importance of preventing pregnancies by the use of birth control. Teens should have easy access to these contraceptives in order to protect themselves during sexual intercourse and should not be ashamed to seek these resources since it is for their well-being.The media can play a prominent figure in teen pregnancy and the use of contraceptives; it has its positives and negative outlooks on it. Many people are skeptical about TV series that are popular among adolescents because some believe that it teaches them to practice safe sex or not practice sex at all to prevent any unwanted pregnancies, but on the other hand some believe that it lionizes teen parents that are on shows like Teen Mom and it gives them a higher status since they are now popular and highly seen throughout the nation.Some teens may want to follow their footsteps and believe that if they become teen parents they might also become recognized like the teen moms on the show. Another TV series that is very popular and seen among teens is The Secret Life of an American Teenager, it informs the audience how not using protection during sex can cause a serious life changing effect and becoming a teen parent is followed by many psychological, socio-economic and social issues such as becoming alienated from friends, not being able to financially sustain and care for a baby and believing that others think they are infer ior now that they have had a baby.In a poll conducted by the National Campaign to prevent pregnancies concluded that seven in ten young adults between the ages of 18-29 would support a campaign that would educate women and teens about all the birth control that can be accessed (2011). Many people support the use of the media to educate young teens the importance of protection and the wide range of birth control that can be used in order to prevent pregnancies, this will help decrease the high rate of teen pregnancies in the future. It also highlights the significance of using protection to prevent any further health risks such as sexually transmitted diseases.Each year, approximately three million cases of sexually transmitted diseases occur among teenagers according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Not only does protection prevent pregnancies but it protects the health by preventing the transmission of sexual diseases among partners; according to the mentioned statist ic, many teens are becoming victims of these diseases and most of the teens could have prevented this by using a condom, but most teens are not informed how to prevent these diseases so it is very important for them to become educated on the topic in order to decrease the rate of sexually transmitted diseases.Another factor that plays a prominent role in teen pregnancy and knowledge of birth control comes from the teen’s psychological issues and how their parents raise them. Some teens may face difficult issues at home or at school and feel depressed and alone, some may have a low self-esteem and do not have a set goal for their future. Andrea Parrot, a Cornell women’s health and human sexuality expert said that girls intentionally get pregnant because they do not see any life goals in their future other than becoming a mother.She also mentions that teens do not have anything to strive for and have no one to look up to for admiration or affection so they believe that a baby may be a source to receive unconditional love. Parrot believes that more programs that would help young girls acquire skills to achieve life goals, increase their self esteem, relationship with family and education on sex and protection would dramatically decrease teen pregnancy; although, these programs should be more effective if it targets girls at an early age in order for them to be informed at a younger age and not commit these mistakes later on in their life.The way the teen was raised also is important because teens who were raised in a single parent household are often left to learn life lessons and sex on their own or through peers, and a teen whose mother was a teen mother or whose sister was a teen parent as well, is more likely to become a teen parent themselves. Parents influence their children’s decisions, so parents should inform their children more on safe sex and the importance of it.In a survey by The national Campaign states that 46% of teens say par ents influence their decision about sex, eight in ten teens say it would be much easier for teens to delay sexual activity if they were able to openly talk to their parents about sex, and six in ten teens agree that they do not use contraceptives because they fear that their parents will fond out. It is the parents’ responsibility to inform their teens about safe sex and contraceptives in order to prevent unwanted pregnancies at an early age and prevent diseases.Parents should be more open about the topic and feel comfortable to cover the issue with their children so their children can openly talk about sex with their parents. Teen pregnancy is a major issue in the US, psychological issues such as self esteem, sociological issues like relationship with peers and parents and social problems like society’s role on informing teens on sex and birth control play a prominent role in teen pregnancies.Informing teens at a younger age on the importance of safe sex and protectio n does not only decrease the rate of teen pregnancies but also decrease the rate of sexually transmitted diseases. Having a greater knowledge on sex education is the key factor for teens to make a dramatic decision in their lives to take precaution and think about their future before acting upon a simple consequence that can change their life such as not taking precaution.

Letter from Birmingham City Jail Essay

Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King wrote the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† in an exceedingly effective way. King used his intelligence, virtue, and honesty to write an appropriate reply to the criticism he received. He also used logic and emotional appeal. In the first paragraph King says, â€Å"†¦ Since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He gives the ministers importance. He recognizes that these men are of â€Å"genuine food† and accepts their sincere criticism with humbleness. Dr. Martin Luther King says, â€Å"I am sure that each of you would want to go beyond the superficial social analyst who looks merely at effects and does not grapple with underlying causes.† He demonstrated that he knows and respects that the ministers are intelligent and that they are in agreeance in some aspects. He later says, â€Å"But I have tried to say that this is normal and healthy discontent can be channelized through the creative outlet of nonviolent direct action. Now this approach is being dismissed as extremist. I must admit that I was initially disappointed in being categorized.† King expresses his beliefs as to be called an extremist. He does not believe his nonviolent actions should be labeled â€Å"extremist.† Dr. King says, â€Å"If I have said anything in this letter that is an overstatement of the truth and is indictive of an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me.† In this statement, he not only apologizes for any exaggerations, he also shows a great deal of respect to them. King says,† Anyone who lives in the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in this country.† King gives the ministers a feel of belonging. As long as they live in the Unites States they will be accepted. King later says, â€Å"Like so many experiences of the past, we were confronted with blasted hopes and the dark shadow of a deep disappointment settled upon us.† King describes his disappointments as dark shadows creating an image for his audience to relate to. He says, â€Å"For years now, I have heard the word† Wait!† It rings in the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity. This â€Å"wait† has almost always meant â€Å"never† even though this may have been written in a placid manner, the ministers can feel that his actual emotions behind this sentence was anger. Further on in the letter he says,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when  you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as seek to explain to your six-year old daughter why she can’t go to the public amusement park that had just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her little eyes when she is told Funtown is closed to colored children, †¦and see her begin to distort her little personality by unconsciously developing a bitterness towards white people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  once again his audience can feel his anger. He creates images of this innocent little girl crying of disappointment slowly changing into someone resentful of White people. A great deal of this letter was logical. In paragraph 6 King says, â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps (1) collection of facts to determine whether injustices are alive, (2) negotiation, (3) self-purification, (4) direct action. We have gone through all these steps in Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying of the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community.† King states the four basic steps and recognized that there is a certain way to behave. Later King also says, â€Å"I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts, the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for law.† Martin Luther King used a very logical appeal by saying; when a crime is committed consequences are inevitable. Anyone who commits a crime is punished. King later says, â€Å"One day the South will know that when these disinherited children of God sat down at lunch counters they were in reality standing up for the best in the American dream and the most sacred values in our Judeo-Christian heritage, and thusly, carrying our whole nation back to those great wells of democracy which were dug deep by the founding fathers in the formulation of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.† He used God and religion as a logical appeal and to his audience, as ministers, God and religion are indeed especially logical. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King used his knowledge, values, and integrity to generate a suitable reply to the ministers. He replied in an effective manner with elegance and tranquility. He used reason and emotion to make his  response further successful.

A Graduate Program Director And Committee Members

Dear Graduate Program Director and Committee members, I have always been interested in learning more about the underlying secrets of living organisms and it intrigued me to prefer Biology compared to other science subjects. I completed my undergraduate and MS degree from the Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology at the University of Dhaka which is the top-ranked biology program of Bangladesh. For further studies, I decided to come to the United States because of the tremendous research facilities and funding, eclectic course options, and multi-cultural ambiance. To further improve my skills as an independent researcher, presenter, and instructor, I am currently attending Wright State University. I am expecting to graduate in April 2017 with an MS degree in Biological Sciences. I am planning to pursue a Ph. D. training in Integrative Systems Biology at the University of Pittsburgh with the goal of an academic career. The ongoing research in this program is a perfect matc h for my research interests, and this institution’s extensive network of collaborators provides a rich set of opportunities. For the MS thesis project, I am working as a researcher in Dr. Quan Zhong’s lab. This lab follows systems biology approach for the discovery of underlying genetic factors in human diseases and use budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. My MS thesis focuses on the ‘optineurin’ protein which is associated with two age-dependent neurodegenerativeShow MoreRelatedStandard Two : Planning And Evaluation1180 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity carries out its mission to students, businesses, and communities by employing comprehensive and broad-based planning and evaluation activities. Academic planning and evaluation efforts involve and engage all Academic Program Managers (APMs) / Academic Directors, the Director of Assessment, the Deans and the Provost, as well as representatives from divisions beyond Academic Affairs. Evaluat ion activities are supported through the budget planning/ allocation process, undertaken annually with theRead MoreVice President For Academic And Student Affairs At Nashville State Community College888 Words   |  4 Pagesteaching for higher education institutions with two and four year degree programs. I taught traditional face-to-face classroom courses, hybrid and distance online education courses for over 10 years. My teaching experiences led me to accept administrative positions leading adult education programs. In my current position as Academic Dean, I am a member of the Executive Committee. I am responsible for developing new programs, state and regional accreditation processes, recruitment and developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Aapa House Of Delegates1110 Words   |  5 Pagesofficers are at large and vote. They have an effective voice in all the academic activities by making recommendations and suggestions to the AAPA board of directors, Submitting formal resolutio ns, participating in open references, and researching and reporting on the resolutions and testimony received thus participating as a reference committee. Several issues and policies are addressed by the House of Delegates including innovative healthcare delivery models, medicare coverages, PA privileges, medicalRead MoreRelationship Between Accounting Principles Board And The Financial Accounting Standards Board1349 Words   |  6 PagesAccountants merged with the American Society of Certified Public Accountants, forming a larger organization later named the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). In 1936 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) was formed.(Schroeder Cathey, 2010, p. 6) 1959 The AICPA responded to the alleged shortcomings of the CAP by forming the Accounting Principles Board (APB). The objectives of this body were to advance the written expressionRead MoreUniversity art museum case study E ssay1214 Words   |  5 PagesMuseum his small high quality collections of art. He worked as the art museum director without payments until he passed away. During his management to the museum, he collection some art pieces from other universities. The museum’s visitors were very limited. After the death of the founder, the university wanted to hire a new manager. While the university was doing its searching for the new manager, there was a graduate from Art History Faculty who took over the management temporarily. Miss KirkoffRead MoreSpov Report Paper851 Words   |  4 PagesBoard of Visitor Members, Since the September 14 BOV Report, the Student Government Association (SGA) has been hard at work assessing and representing the concerns of the student body. SGA members have attended events such as the Student Activities and Engagement Open House, UMW’s Campus Roundtable Discussion with Governor McAuliffes Civic Engagement Task Force, the Town and Gown Committee Meetings, and the UMW Young Alumni Council Meetings. As mentioned in the September 14 SGA BOV Report, aRead MoreThe Position Of President For Phoenix College889 Words   |  4 Pagesteaching for higher education institutions with two and four year degree programs. I taught traditional face-to-face classroom courses, hybrid and distance online education courses for over 10 years. My teaching experiences led me to accept administrative positions leading adult education programs. In my current position as Academic Dean, I am a member of the Executive Committee. I am responsible for developing new programs, state and regional accreditation processes, recruitment and developmentRead MoreSenior Vice President For Accreditation And Quality Assurance At Letourneau University ( Letu )1666 Words   |  7 PagesAs a graduate of and former faculty member at faith-based universities, I have significant appreciation for, and have worked to promote the unique missions of institutions like LETU. You will find a curriculum vita included for your consideration, but I would like to highlight some of my experiences that make me uniquely qualified for this position. My more than 11 years of experience in institutional effectiveness, assessment, and accreditation, and 8 years of experience as the Director of theRead MoreDyersburg City School System Case Study1419 Words   |  6 Pagespersonnel. This is a definite obstacle that the school system encounters when attempting to recruit minority teachers. Dyersburg City School System is always searching for the most qualified teachers to enhance every department but especially the programs of special education, high school math and science departments, and ESL. The implementation grant will allow DCS to partner with community leaders and post-secondary educational facilities to establish incentives for recruitment and retaining personnelRead MoreAthletic Director Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesembraced. Function of Position Responsible to the University President for the overall administration and management of the university intercollegiate athletics program; and performing other related duties as assigned. Essential Functions Submits recommendations and supporting documentation to the President, Athletic Advisory Committee, and Tennessee Board of Regents as necessary to make decisions regarding goals, academics, capital expansion, staffing, budget appropriations, and other aspects