A Brief Description of the Rusian Revolution - 1563 Words

One of the first problems faced by the Bolshevik party was the upcoming election to the All Russian Constituent Assembly in November. Lenin was highly opposed to this as he thought any democratic elections were tricks played by the bourgeoisie to keep itself in power and unlike other political parties Lenin’s ideas for the Bolsheviks were different, he did not want to win mass support but to create a party capable of seizing power , the Bolsheviks ruled by de facto not de jure. This led to the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, January 1918. This aided the Bolshevik consolidation of power as this action is considered to be the onset of the Bolshevik dictatorship as all political opposition had been removed, from this moment onwards any legal opposition was essentially impossible. Furthermore this revealed the lack of support for the Bolsheviks in Russia as they had lost the election by only won 24% of the vote, (175 of 707 seats) in the Constituent Assembly. Whereas their opposition the social revolutionaries (SRs) won a majority, with 370 of 707 seats. The SRs had a clear majority with the peasant vote. The Bolsheviks considered the winning of the urban votes was more significant than winning the rural vote . Lenin saw how vulnerable the Bolsheviks would be if the Constituent Assembly were to remain open. The Bolsheviks, a minority party, could not lead Russia surrounded by opposition or alternative socialist parties such as the SRs who also disagreed with how the

Plato and the Cave Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Aristotle and Happiness Aristotle was very concerned with the examination of moral philosophy or ethics and relate it to his political perspective. In his composition entitled as Nicomachean Ethics, he discusses the mechanics to which one can be or is morally responsible along with a discussion on the nature of the virtues and vices involved in moral evaluation and the methods of achieving happiness in human life. Essentially, Aristotle concerned himself with the question of what does it take for an individual human being to be a good person. (Barnes, 1995; Lord, 1984) All individual beings act because it is what makes them happy even if it hurts other people. As such, some ethical standards regard an act which may be unethical as something good because it gives happiness to the person. Suffice it to say, we are guided in life by our natural preference for engaging in pleasant activities rather than in unpleasant ones which may turn out to be good. According to Aristotle, ethical living involves the pursuit of true happiness. This form of happiness is not the kind where it gives pleasure because this is incomplete. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato and the Cave or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Aristotle advocates contemplation as the highest form of happiness because pursuit of such would bring a person most near to divine blessedness while realizing all of the genuine human virtues as well. (Poe, 1965) With regards to the pursuit of happiness of civilized communities, such would be necessary for a life worth living. More importantly, however, is what for of happiness should be pursued. In line with Aristotle, happiness can be obtained by pursuit of virtues because only thru this can we be worry free. For example, when we steal something that we have been craving to have such as electronic device, we become worried about the repercussions of such actions. However, if we stay honest and true, we feel a sense of fulfillment engulfing us rather than troubling us. Aeneas on the Meaning of Devotion Devotion to duty was the defining and most remarkable aspect of the character Aeneas in Virgil’s The Aeneid. If we are to analyze why Aeneas never wavered in his trust in his destiny, we have to acknowledge that in the story, he was to found the city of Rome where other Trojan survivors were to build and start a new life once again. Knowing this, we can find the source of Aeneas persistent adherence to his destiny from his concern of the welfare of the collective and fraternal love. Love and loyalty was characteristic of Aeneas and other Trojans.

Second Foundation 5. Fourth Interlude Free Essays

The two Speakers passed each other on the road and one stopped the other. â€Å"I have word from the First Speaker.† There was a half-apprehensive flicker in the other’s eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Foundation 5. Fourth Interlude or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Intersection point?† â€Å"Yes! May we live to see the dawn!† There was no sign in any of Channis’ actions that he was aware of any subtle change in the attitude of Pritcher, and in their relations to each other. He leaned back on the hard wooden bench and spread-eagled his feet out in front of him. â€Å"What did you make of the governor?† Pritcher shrugged: â€Å"Nothing at all. He certainly seemed no mental genius to me. A very poor specimen of the Second Foundation, if that’s what he was supposed to be.† â€Å"I don’t think he was, you know. I’m not sure what to make of it. Suppose you were a Second Foundationer,† Channis grew thoughtful, â€Å"what would you do? Suppose you had an idea of our purpose here. How would you handle us?† â€Å"Conversion, of course.† â€Å"Like the Mule?† Channis looked up, sharply. â€Å"Would we know if they had converted us? I wonder- And what if they were simply psychologists, but very clever ones.† â€Å"In that case, I’d have us killed rather quickly.† â€Å"And our ship? No.† Channis wagged a forefinger. â€Å"We’re playing a bluff, Pritcher, old man. It can only be a bluff. Even if they have emotional control down pat, we – you and I – are only fronts. It’s the Mule they must fight, and they’re being just as careful of us as we are of them. I’m assuming that they know who we are.† Pritcher, stared coldly: â€Å"What do you intend doing?† â€Å"Wait.† The word was bitten off. â€Å"Let them come to us. They’re worried, maybe about the ship, but probably about the Mule. They bluffed with the governor. It didn’t work. We stayed pat. The next person they’ll send will be a Second Foundationer, and he’ll propose a deal of some sort.† â€Å"And then?† â€Å"And then we make the deal.† â€Å"I don’t think so.† â€Å"Because you think it will double-cross the Mule? It won’t.† â€Å"No, the Mule could handle your double-crosses, any you could invent. But I still don’t think so.† â€Å"Because you think then we couldn’t double-cross the Foundationers?† â€Å"Perhaps not. But that’s not the reason.† Channis let his glance drop to what the other held in his fist, and said grimly: â€Å"You mean that’s the reason.† Pritcher cradled his blaster, â€Å"That’s right. You are under arrest.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"For treason to the First Citizen of the Union.† Channis’ lips hardened upon one another: â€Å"What’s going on?† â€Å"Treason! As I said. And correction of the matter, on my part.† â€Å"Your proof? Or evidence, assumptions, daydreams? Are you mad?† â€Å"No. Are you? Do you think the Mule sends out unweaned youngsters on ridiculous swashbuckling missions for nothing? It was queer to me at the time. But I wasted time in doubting myself. Why should he send you? Because you smile and dress well? Because you’re twenty-eight.† â€Å"Perhaps because I can be trusted. Or aren’t you in the market for logical reasons?† â€Å"Or perhaps because you can’t be trusted. Which is logical enough, as it turns out.† â€Å"Are we matching paradoxes, or is this all a word game to see who can say the least in the most words?† And the blaster advanced, with Pritcher after it. He stood erect before the younger man: â€Å"Stand up!† Channis did so, in no particular hurry, and felt the muzzle of the blaster touch his belt with no shrinking of the stomach muscles. Pritcher said: â€Å"What the Mule wanted was to find the Second Foundation. He had failed and I had failed, and the secret that neither of us can find is a well-hidden one. So there was one outstanding possibility left – and that was to find a seeker who already*** knew the hiding-place.† â€Å"Is that I?† â€Å"Apparently it was. I didn’t know then, of course, but though my mind must be slowing, it still points in the right direction. How easily we found Star’s End! How miraculously you examined the correct Field Region of the Lens from among an infinite number of possibilties! And having done so, how nicely we observe just the correct point for observation! You clumsy fool! Did you so underestimate me that no combination of impossible fortuties struck you as being too much for me to swallow?† â€Å"You mean I’ve been too successful?† â€Å"Too successful by half for any loyal man.† â€Å"Because the standards of success you set me were so low?† And the blaster prodded, though in the face that confronted*** Channis only the cold glitter of the eyes betrayed the growing anger: â€Å"Because you are in the pay of the Second Foundation.† â€Å"Pay?†- infinite contempt. â€Å"Prove that.† â€Å"Or under the mental influence.† â€Å"Without the Mule’s knowledge? Ridiculous.† â€Å"With the Mule’s knowledge. Exactly my point, my you dullard. With the Mule’s knowledge. Do you suppose else that you would be given a ship to play with? You led us to the Second Foundation as you were supposed to do.† â€Å"I thresh a kernel of something or other out of this immensity of chaff. May I ask why I’m supposed to be doing all this? If were a traitor, why should I lead you to the Second Foundation? Why not hither and yon through the Galaxy, skipping gaily, finding no more than you ever did?’ â€Å"For the sake of the ship. And because the men of the Second Foundation quite obviously need atomic warfare for self-defense.† ‘You’ll have to do better than that. One ship won’t mean thing to them, and if they think they’ll learn science from it a build atomic power plants next year, they are very, very simple Second Foundationers, indeed. On the order of simplicity as yourself, I should say.† â€Å"You will have the opportunity to explain that to the Mule.† â€Å"We’re going back to Kalgan?† â€Å"On the contrary. We’re staying here. And the Mule will join us in fifteen minutes – more or less. Do you think he hasn’t followed us, my sharp-witted, nimble-minded lump of self-admiration? You have played the decoy well in reverse. You may not have led our victims to us, but you have certainly led us to our victims.† â€Å"May I sit down,† said Channis, â€Å"and explain something to you in picture drawings? Please.† â€Å"You will remain standing.† â€Å"At*** that, I can say it as well standing. You think the Mule followed us because of the hypertracer on the communication circuit?† The blaster might have wavered. Channis wouldn’t have sworn to it. He said: â€Å"You don’t look surprised. But I don’t waste time doubting that you feel surprised. Yes, I knew about it. And now, having shown you that I knew of something you didn’t think I did, I’ll tell you something you don’t know, that I know you don’t.† â€Å"You allow yourself too many preliminaries, Channis. I should think your sense of invention was more smoothly greased.† â€Å"There’s an invention to this. There have been traitors, of course, or enemy agents, if you prefer that term. But the Mule knew of that in a rather curious way. It seems, you see, that some of his Converted men had been tampered with.† The blaster did waver that time. Unmistakably. â€Å"I emphasize that, Pritcher. It was why he needed me. I was an Unconverted man. Didn’t he emphasize to you that he needed an Unconverted? Whether he gave you the real reason or not?† â€Å"Try something else, Channis. If I were against the Mule, I’d know it.† Quietly, rapidly, Pritcher was feeling his mind. It felt the same. It felt the same. Obviously the man was lying. â€Å"You mean you feel loyal to the Mule. Perhaps. Loyalty wasn’t tampered with. Too easily detectable, the Mule said. But how do you feel mentally? Sluggish? Since you started this trip, have you always felt normal? Or have you felt strange sometimes, as though you weren’t quite yourself? What are you trying to do, bore a hole through me without touching the trigger?† Pritcher withdrew his blaster half an inch, â€Å"What are you trying to say?† â€Å"I say that you’ve been tampered with. You’ve been handled. You didn’t see the Mule install that hypertracer. You didn’t see anyone do it. You just found it there, and assumed it was the Mule, and ever since you’ve been assuming he was following us. Sure, the wrist receiver you’re wearing contacts the ship on a wave length mine isn’t good for. Do you think I didn’t know that?† He was speaking quickly now, angrily. His cloak of indifference had dissolved into savagery. â€Å"But it’s not the Mule that’s coming toward us from out there. It’s not the Mule.† â€Å"Who, if not?† â€Å"Well, who do you suppose? I found that hypertracer, the day we left. But I didn’t think it was the Mule. He had no reason for indirection at that point. Don’t you see the nonsense of it? If I were a traitor and he knew that, I could be Converted as easily as you were, and he would have the secret of the location of the Second Foundation out of my mind without sending me half across the Galaxy. Can you keep a secret from the Mule? And if I didn’t know, then I couldn’t lead him to it. So why send me in either case? â€Å"Obviously, that hypertracer must have been put there by an agent of the Second Foundation. That’s who’s coming towards us now. And would you have been fooled if your precious mind hadn’t been tampered with? What kind of normality have you that you imagine immense folly to be wisdom? Me bring a ship to the Second Foundation? What would they do with a ship? â€Å"It’s you they want, Pritcher. You know more about the Union than anyone but the Mule, and you’re not dangerous to them while he is. That’s why they put the direction of search into my mind. Of course, it was completely impossible for me to find Tazenda by random searchings of the Lens. I knew that. But I knew there was the Second Foundation after us, and I knew they engineered it. Why not play their game? It was a battle of bluffs. They wanted us and I wanted their location – and space take the one that couldn’t outbluff the other. â€Å"But it’s we that will lose as long as you hold that blaster on me. And it obviously isn’t your idea. It’s theirs. Give me the blaster, Pritcher. I know it seems wrong to you, but it isn’t your mind speaking, it’s the Second Foundation within you. Give me the blaster, Pritcher, and we’ll face what’s coming now, together.† Pritcher, faced a growing confusion in horror. Plausibility! Could he be so wrong? Why this eternal doubt of himself? Why wasn’t he sure? What made Channis sound so plausible? Plausibility! Or was it his own tortured mind fighting the invasion of the alien. Was he split in two? Hazily, he saw Channis standing before him, hand outstretched – and suddenly, he knew he was going to give him the blaster. And as the muscles of his arm were on the point of contracting in the proper manner to do so, the door opened, not hastily, behind him – and he turned. There are perhaps men in the Galaxy who can be confused for one another even by men at their peaceful leisure. Correspondingly, there may be conditions of mind when even unlikely pairs may be mis-recognized. But the Mule rises above any combination of the two factors. Not all Pritcher’s agony of mind prevented the instantaneous mental flood of cool vigor that engulfed him. Physically, the Mule could not dominate any situation. Nor did he dominate this one. He was rather a ridiculous figure in his layers of clothing that thickened him past his normality without allowing him to reach normal dimensions even so. His face was muffled and the usually dominant beak covered what was left in a cold-red prominence. Probably as a vision of rescue, no greater incongruity could exist. He said: â€Å"Keep your blaster, Pritcher.† Then he turned to Channis, who had shrugged and seated himself: â€Å"The emotional context here seems rather confusing and considerably in conflict. What’s this about someone other than myself following you?† Pritcher intervened sharply: â€Å"Was a hypertracer placed upon our ship by your orders, sir?† The Mule turned cool eyes upon him, â€Å"Certainly. Is it very likely that any organization in the Galaxy other than the Union of Worlds would have access to it?’ â€Å"He said-â€Å" â€Å"Well, he’s here, general. Indirect quotation is not necessary. Have you been saying anything, Channis?† â€Å"Yes. But mistakes apparently, sir. It has been my opinion that the tracer was put there by someone in the pay of the Second Foundation and that we had been led here for some purpose of theirs, which I was prepared to counter. I was under the further impression that the general was more or less in their hands.† â€Å"You sound as if you think so no longer.† â€Å"I’m afraid not. Or it would not have been you at the door.† â€Å"Well, then, let us thresh this out.† The Mule peeled off the outer layers of padded, and electrically heated clothing. â€Å"Do you mind if I sit down as well? Now – we are safe here and perfectly free of any danger of intrusion. No native of this lump of ice will have any desire to approach this place. I assure you of that,† and there was a grim earnestness about his insistence upon his powers. Channis showed his disgust. â€Å"Why privacy? Is someone going to serve tea and bring out the dancing girls?† â€Å"Scarcely. What was this theory of yours, young man? A Second Foundationer was tracing you with a device which no one but I have and – how did you say you found this place?† â€Å"Apparently, sir, it seems obvious, in order to account for known facts, that certain notions have been put into my head-â€Å" â€Å"By these same Second Foundationers?† â€Å"No one else, I imagine.† â€Å"Then it did not occur to you that if a Second Foundationer could force, or entice, or inveigle you into going to the Second Foundation for purposes of his own – and I assume you imagined he used methods similar to mine, though, mind you, I can implant only emotions, not ideas – it did not occur to you that if he could do that there was little necessity to put a hypertracer on you. And Channis looked up sharply and met his sovereign’s large eyes with sudden startle. Pritcher grunted and a visible relaxation showed itself in his shoulders. â€Å"No,† said Channis, â€Å"that hadn’t occurred to me.† â€Å"Or that if they were obliged to trace you, they couldn’t feel capable of directing you, and that, undirected, you could have precious little chance of finding your way here as you did. Did that occur to you?† â€Å"That, neither.† â€Å"Why not? Has your intellectual level receded to a so-much-greater-than-probable degree?† â€Å"The only answer is a question, sir. Are you joining General Pritcher in accusing me of being a traitor?† â€Å"You have a defense in case I am?† â€Å"Only the one I presented to the general. If I were a traitor and knew the whereabouts of the Second Foundation, you could Convert me and learn the knowledge directly. If you felt it necessary to trace me, then I hadn’t the knowledge beforehand and wasn’t a traitor. So I answer your paradox with another.† â€Å"Then your conclusion?† â€Å"That I am not a traitor.† â€Å"To which I must agree, since your argument is irrefutable.† â€Å"Then may I ask you why you had us secretly followed?† â€Å"Because to all the facts there is a third explanation. Both you and Pritcher explained some facts in your own individual ways, but not all. I – if you can spare me the time – will explain all. And in a rather short time, so there is little danger of boredom. Sit down, Pritcher, and give me your blaster. There is no danger of attack on us any longer. None from in here and none from out there. None in fact even from the Second Foundation. Thanks to you, Channis.† The room was lit in the usual Rossemian fashion of electrically heated wire. A single bulb was suspended from the ceiling and in its dim yellow glow, the three cast their individual shadows. The Mule said: â€Å"Since I felt it necessary to trace Channis, it was obvious I expect to gain something thereby. Since he went to the Second Foundation with a startling speed and directness, we can reasonably assume that that was what I was expecting to happen. Since I did not gain the knowledge from him directly, something must have been preventing me. Those are the facts. Channis, of course, knows the answer. So do I. Do you see it, Pritcher?† And Pritcher said doggedly: â€Å"No, sir.† â€Å"Then I’ll explain. Only one kind of man can both know the location of the Second Foundation and prevent me from learning it. Channis, I’m afraid you’re a Second Foundationer yourself.† And Channis’ elbows rested on his knees as he leaned forward, and through stiff and angry lips said: â€Å"What is your direct evidence? Deduction has proven wrong twice today.† â€Å"There is direct evidence, too, Channis. It was easy enough. I told you that my men had been tampered with. The tamperer must have been, obviously, someone who was a) Unconverted, and b) fairly close to the center of things. The field was large but not entirely unlimited. You were too successful, Channis. People liked you too much. You got along too well. I wondered- â€Å"And then I summoned you to take over this expedition and it didn’t set you back. I watched your emotions. It didn’t bother you. You overplayed the confidence there, Channis. No man of real competence could have avoided a dash of uncertainty at a job like that. Since your mind did avoid it, it was either a foolish one or a controlled one. It was easy to test the alternatives. I seized your mind at a moment of relaxation and filled it with grief for an instant and then removed it. You were angry afterwards with such accomplished art that I could have sworn it was a natural reaction, but for that which went first. For when I wrenched at your emotions, for just one instant, for one tiny instant before you could catch yourself, your mind resisted. It was all I needed to know. â€Å"No one could have resisted me, even for that tiny instant, without control similar to mine.† Channis’ voice was low and bitter: â€Å"Well, then? Now what?† â€Å"And now you die – as a Second Foundationer. Quite necessary, as I believe you realize.† And once again Channis stared into the muzzle of a blaster. A muzzle guided this time by a mind, not like Pritcher’s capable of offhand twisting to suit himself, but by one as mature as his own and as resistant to force as his own. And the period of time allotted him for a correction of events was small. What followed thereafter is difficult to describe by one with the normal complement of senses and the normal incapacity for emotional control. Essentially, this is what Channis realized in the tiny space of time involved in the pushing of the Mule’s thumb upon the trigger contact. The Mule’s current emotional makeup was one of a hard and polished determination, unmisted by hesitation in the least. Had Channis been sufficiently interested afterward to calculate the time involved from the determination to shoot to the arrival of the disintegrating energies, he might have realized that his leeway was about one-fifth of a second. That was barely time. What the Mule realized in that same tiny space of time was that the emotional potential of Channis’ brain had surged suddenly upwards without his own mind feeling any impact and that, simultaneously, a flood of pure, thrilling hatred cascaded upon him from an unexpected direction. It was that new emotional element that jerked his thumb off the contact. Nothing else could have done it, and almost together with his change of action, came complete realization of the new situation. It was a tableau that endured far less than the significance adhering to it should require from a dramatic standpoint. There was the Mule, thumb off the blaster, staring intently upon Channis There was Channis taut, not quite daring to breathe yet. And there was Pritcher, convulsed in his chair; every muscle at a spasmodic breaking point; every tendon writhing in an effort to hurl forward; his face twisted at last out of schooled woodenness into an unrecognizable death mask of horrid hate; and his eyes only and entirely and supremely upon the Mule. Only a word or two passed between Channis and the Mule – only a word or two and that utterly revealing stream of emotional consciousness that remains forever the true interplay of understanding between such as they. For the sake of our own limits, it is necessary to translate into words what went on, then, and thenceforward. Channis said, tensely: â€Å"You’re between two fires, First Citizen. You can’t control two minds simultaneously, not when one of them is mine – so you have your choice. Pritcher, is free of your Conversion now. I’ve snapped the bonds. He’s the old Pritcher; the one who tried to kill you once; the one who thinks you’re the enemy of all that is free and right and holy; and he’s the one besides who knows that you’ve debased him to helpless adulation for five years. I’m holding him back now by suppressing his will, but if you kill me, that ends, and in considerably less time than you could shift your blaster or even your will – he will kill you.† The Mule quite plainly realized that. He did not move. Channis continued: â€Å"If you turn to place him under control, to kill him, to do anything, you won’t ever be quick enough to turn again to stop me.† The Mule still did not move. Only a soft sigh of realization. â€Å"So,† said Channis, â€Å"throw down the blaster, and let us be on even terms again, and you can have Pritcher back.† â€Å"I made a mistake,† said the Mule, finally. â€Å"It was wrong to have a third party present when I confronted you. It introduced one variable too many. It is a mistake that must be paid for, I suppose.† He dropped the blaster carelessly, and kicked it to the other end of the room. Simultaneously, Pritcher crumpled into profound sleep. â€Å"He’ll be normal when he awakes,† said the Mule, indifferently. The entire exchange from the time the Mule’s thumb had begun pressing the trigger-contact to the time he dropped the blaster had occupied just under a second and a half of time. But just beneath the borders of consciousness, for a time just above the borders of detection, Channis caught a fugitive emotional gleam in the Mule’s mind. And it was still one of sure and confident triumph. How to cite Second Foundation 5. Fourth Interlude, Essay examples

Auditing Bio Sustainable Feeds

Question: Discuss about the Auditing for Bio Sustainable Feeds. Answer: Introduction BSF (Bio-Sustainable Feeds) is a company that is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). An Australian-based bioresearch firm has consistently indulged in sustainable aquaculture from the last 2 decades. However, the company had to encounter a major problem when one of its key researches on plant-based feeds crumbled. Due to such failure in the research, the company had to expend a massive amount of AU$360million in the year. The company had provided about its strategy to the people where it stated that with the use of plant-based fish feeds, it can manage to transfigure ten kilos of low value fish into one kilo of high value fish but in contrast to this, it was observed that the actual transformation of fish species was thirty kilos of low value fish into one kilo of high value fish. As a result, the conversion rate was three times lesser than the targeted transformation. Furthermore, the death rate of fish species was much lesser when plant-based fish feeds were utilized and therefore, their growing rate increased doubly. In addition to this, the fish-species transformed were bigger than that of the already matured fishes (CBC, 2016). Studies state that the matured fishes were approximately sixty percent smaller than the transformed fish-species. The environmentalists who stated that developing luxurious species at an expense of food crops associated to human are immoral soon challenged the above-mentioned strategies. They considered that developing such species into high-value would only be profitable for the rich people and the poorer, as always cannot be benefit. They also regarded such transformation to be exposed towards starvation and malnutrition risks. Hence, BSF Ltd took major steps to comply with environmental rules and regulations and as a result, it started to research on bacteria so that recaptured methane gas, residue from sugarcane etc. is made through fish-feeds (CBC, 2016). As a result, it expended more than AU$160 million for conducting the research and further AU$200 million for development purposes. This research was beneficial to the company in few extents. It had received an offer grant of AU$500 million from CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) on one major condition that a minimum of AU$100 million grant expended on alternative aquaculture feeds every year. Steps to be considered prior to audit An auditor must evaluate the pros and cons of an audit assignment before conducting an audit that also includes risks associated with the assignment, nature of audit, responsibilities, etc. When an auditor receives information of an audit assignment, he must verify minimum past three years information related to the compliances and books of accounts of the company. He must also crosscheck with the prior audit of the company regarding the compliances of statutory rules and regulations and other ethical responsibilities towards the stakeholders (Piedrahita, 2003). The auditors of BSF Ltd are also bound to undertake the same steps prior to an audit. Information on the business nature is also very vital and an auditor must conduct considerable research on the business nature of a company and other rules and regulations applicable to it. An auditor must also make ways to obtain the books of accounts and compliances of the company for the past three years and after getting such documents, he must carefully assess them to arrive at a decision whether the company has been diligent in carrying out its obligations towards the benefit of shareholders, investors, etc (Cappelleto, 2 010). An auditor must assess the environmental impacts of the companys activities and he must verify whether the company has engaged in any kind of activities that are harmful for the environment as a whole. Even the auditors of BSF Ltd are bound to evaluate whether the company has not indulged in any harmful activity that can negatively affect the environment. It is well known that environmental issues are the prior concern that a company must be focused on and an auditor can be a perfect medium to assist in this regard. Furthermore, whenever any company (BSF) receives an offer grant for research motives, an auditor must see whether such funds are not utilized somewhere else. Hence, it is the moral duty of an auditor to analyze the companys activities so that both the company and auditor can gain confidence among people and obtain prosperity as a whole (Hoffelder, 2012). Inherent, Detection and Control Risks Due to high competition and large transactions, a business is always prone to various kinds of risks. However, if the management effectively does evaluation of risks, then most of the risks avoided. Prevention of risks is very crucial for the company because it facilitate in long-term development. However, even after risk strategic planning, there are some risks that are inherent in nature. Inherent risks does not depend on any type of business, instead it is completely associated with the business activities of a company (Douglas et. al, 2015). Therefore, as it a general happening, companies must effectively encounter it. Control risks are those types of risks that cannot be moderated even through proper due diligence methods. Because of the presence of inherent risks in a company, complete removal of risks cannot be done. The main reason behind the occurring of control risks is the failure on the part of management to prevent such risks. Detection risks are those types of risks tha t cannot be discovered even after undertaking proper care (Geoffrey et. al, 2016). In the given scenario, the business of BSF Ltd consists of 90% inherent risks that clearly indicate high speculative activities performed by the company. In relation to this, the auditors must take the audit assignment but must be very cautious about it (Dan, 2005). Furthermore, the control risks of BSF are 5% that indicates chances of lesser gaps in the internal control policies of the company. The detection risks stand at 80% that indicates high level of undetected risk even after taking proper care. The main cause behind this failure is the presence of inherent risks in the company that clearly indicates speculation in the companys activities. Calculation of Audit Risk for BSF Ltd: Audit Risk= Inherent Risk*Control Risk* Detection Risk Hence, for BSF Ltd, audit risk= 0.9 * 0.05 *0.8 = 0.36 This risk is acceptable and hence, the auditors can progress for the audit of BSF Ltd. Inclusion in audit program BSFs audit program must accommodate both specific and general items so that it is ensured whether aggregate audit coverage is done or not. The general items consist of data such as information on nature of business, kind of business and regulations that administers a company etc. The specific items consist of environmental rules and regulations, amount of offer grant utilized and purposes for such utilization etc. Moreover, prominence must be given to associates authorized for the conduct of audit, their knowledge level, and care required for guarding the business activities (Manoharan, 2011). Journal entries Year 2015 (end) Payment RD A/C Dr. 500 To, Bank A/C 500 Capitalization of RD Patent A/C Dr. 500 To, RD A/C 500 Entire 2015 considered for the case. The process of amortization initiated from 2015 end as the research and expense done at that point of time. Amortization cost of patent 5 years = 500 million/ 5 = $ 100 million each for 5 years. Amortization Patent Ac Dr 100 To, patent Ac 100 The RD expenses of the company capitalized until the time the company did not initiated the operations. The entries are passed in a fashion that the capitalization of the amount is done till the time the operations began. Hence, the entire research expense of 160 million is chargeable to the patent cost. Moreover, if the company covers the expenses of development before business commencement then it can charge 200 million dollar to the cost of patent. In addition, if the business commences before or between developments then it will be able to charge that portion of development cost that is incur before business commencement. Activities that are environmental-friendly and socially responsible Even though the company prioritizes on enhancing the quality of produce of fish species, yet environmental experts have disregarded its practice as the transformation was only for rich people and it was prone to malnutrition and starvation risks. This is the reason why BSF initiated bacteria research to produce residue of sugarcane and other items. The research conducted by the company was initially not as per environmental and social concerns but due to objections from environmentalists, it had adopted alternative methods that were also not an established research technique (Brown et. al, 2014). Therefore, signing off a report as giving due concerns to environment and social concerns on the companys part is not acceptable. If an audit report is signed, an emphasis of matter paragraph will prevail. This emphasis will provide that even though the company carried out activities that were disregarded by environmentalists and not as per social and environmental concerns, it adopted other methods for aqua-culture that give importance to environmental and social issues (Brown et. al, 2014). Moreover, the company obtained offer grants that prove that its activities are not harmful but due to a major assertion, emphasis of matter paragraph is often opted. Hence, audit statement provided after providing adequate disclosures. Exclusivity of Patents It is a well-known fact that a patent can be acquired after the completion of development and research activities. Therefore, as BSF had provided in its prospectus that it had entire rights over the bacteria research is a clear misstatement on the companys part that can misguide the stakeholders. Such misstatements should not form part of a prospectus because it is the first essential document of a company. In other words, these statements can lessen the look-out of the company (Bowlin, 2011). Stakeholders take their relevant decisions based on the companys prospectus and as it is an introductory document, only valid materials incorporated in the prospectus. Furthermore, if the company desires to incorporate misstatements in the prospectus to obtain high gains or trust, it is the moral responsibility of an auditor either to either disallow the company from doing so or disassociate himself from the audit process because his integrity is at stake if he gets involved in such activity (E ilifsen et. al, 2001). An auditor must never make ways to associate himself with such a company that provides false prospectuses or any other falsified documents to the stakeholders (Bowlin, 2011). It is his ethical and moral duty to get rid of such matters because if being caught, his entire career will be finished, professional goodwill demolished, and additional legal actions will have to be faced by him. Therefore, he must make ways to provide an appropriate judgement on the financial statements that also includes the prospectus of the company so that do not misguide. Conclusion The above discussion of the report clearly recognizes the importance of audit and audit program. A company should never claim anything in the prospectus before it is patent. This leads to misleading facts and ultimately can be booked for duping the investors. Moreover, the role of audit program even comes the forefront. It is the duty of auditors to look into the matter and ensure that the company complies with all the relevant rules. The auditor should provide a qualified report if any discrepancies found. However, the audit program failed to perform in this respect. Overall, the claim made by BSF is not true and hence misguiding in nature. References Bowlin, K 2011, Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud,The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 12311253 Brown, L.H., Mason, S. 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